Taking your models to new heights

⚠️ estimate_link() now does not transform predictions on the response scale for GLMs. To keep the previous behaviour, use the new estimate_relation() instead. This follows a change in how predictions are made internally (which now relies on get_predicted(), so more details can be found there). This will allow modelbased to be more robust and polyvalent. Apologies for the breaks.

modelbased is a package helping with model-based estimations, to easily compute of marginal means, contrast analysis and model predictions.

## Installation

Run the following to install the stable release of modelbased from CRAN:

install.packages("modelbased")

Or this one to install the latest development version:

install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("easystats/modelbased")

## Documentation

Click on the buttons above to access the package documentation and the easystats blog, and check-out these vignettes:

# Features

The package is built around 5 main functions:

These functions are powered by the visualisation_matrix() function, a smart tool for guessing the appropriate reference grid.

## Create smart grids to represent complex interactions

• Problem: I want to graphically represent the interaction between two continuous variable. On top of that, I would like to express one of them in terms of standardized change (i.e., standard deviation relative to the mean).
• Solution: Create a data grid following the desired specifications, and feed it to the model to obtain predictions. Format some of the columns for better readability, and plot using ggplot.

Check-out this vignette for a detailed walkthrough on visualisation matrices.

library(ggplot2)
library(see)
library(modelbased)

# 1. Fit model and get visualization matrix
model <- lm(Sepal.Length ~ Petal.Length * Petal.Width, data = iris)

# 2. Create a visualisation matrix with expected Z-score values of Petal.Width
vizdata <- modelbased::visualisation_matrix(model, target = c("Petal.Length", "Petal.Width = c(-1, 0, 1)"))

# 3. Revert from expected SD to actual values
vizdata <- effectsize::unstandardize(vizdata, select = "Petal.Width")

# 4. Add predicted relationship from the model
vizdata <- modelbased::estimate_expectation(vizdata)

# 5. Express Petal.Width as z-score ("-1 SD", "+2 SD", etc.)
vizdata$Petal.Width <- effectsize::format_standardize(vizdata$Petal.Width, reference = iris$Petal.Width) # 6. Plot ggplot(iris, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Sepal.Length)) + # Add points from original dataset (only shapes 21-25 have a fill aesthetic) geom_point2(aes(fill = Petal.Width), shape = 21, size = 5) + # Add relationship lines geom_line(data = vizdata, aes(y = Predicted, color = Petal.Width), size = 1) + # Improve colors / themes scale_color_viridis_d(direction = -1) + scale_fill_viridis_c(guide = FALSE) + theme_modern() ## Estimate marginal means • Problem: My model has a factor as a predictor, and the parameters only return the difference between levels and the intercept. I want to see the values at each factor level. • Solution: Estimate model-based means (“marginal means”). You can visualize them by plotting their confidence interval and the original data. Check-out this vignette for a detailed walkthrough on marginal means. # 1. The model model <- lm(Sepal.Width ~ Species, data = iris) # 2. Obtain estimated means means <- modelbased::estimate_means(model) means ## Estimated Marginal Means ## ## Species | Mean | SE | 95% CI ## --------------------------------------- ## setosa | 3.43 | 0.05 | [3.33, 3.52] ## versicolor | 2.77 | 0.05 | [2.68, 2.86] ## virginica | 2.97 | 0.05 | [2.88, 3.07] ## ## Marginal means estimated for Species # 3. Plot ggplot(iris, aes(x = Species, y = Sepal.Width)) + # Add base data geom_violin(aes(fill = Species), color = "white") + geom_jitter2(width = 0.05, alpha = 0.5) + # Add pointrange and line from means geom_line(data = means, aes(y = Mean, group = 1), size = 1) + geom_pointrange( data = means, aes(y = Mean, ymin = CI_low, ymax = CI_high), size = 1, color = "white" ) + # Improve colors scale_fill_material() + theme_modern() ## Contrast analysis • Problem: The parameters of my model only return the difference between some of the factor levels and the intercept. I want to see the differences between each levels, as I would do with post-hoc comparison tests in ANOVAs. • Solution: Estimate model-based contrasts (“marginal contrasts”). You can visualize them by plotting their confidence interval. Check-out this vignette for a detailed walkthrough on contrast analysis. # 1. The model model <- lm(Sepal.Width ~ Species, data = iris) # 2. Estimate marginal contrasts contrasts <- modelbased::estimate_contrasts(model) contrasts ## Marginal Contrasts Analysis ## ## Level1 | Level2 | Difference | 95% CI | SE | t(147) | p ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ## setosa | versicolor | 0.66 | [ 0.49, 0.82] | 0.07 | 9.69 | < .001 ## setosa | virginica | 0.45 | [ 0.29, 0.62] | 0.07 | 6.68 | < .001 ## versicolor | virginica | -0.20 | [-0.37, -0.04] | 0.07 | -3.00 | 0.009 ## ## Marginal contrasts estimated for Species ## p-value adjustment method: Holm (1979) ## Check the contrasts at different points of another linear predictor • Problem: In the case of an interaction between a factor and a continuous variable, you might be interested in computing how the differences between the factor levels (the contrasts) change depending on the other continuous variable. • Solution: You can estimate the marginal contrasts at different values of a continuous variable (the modulator), and plot these differences (they are significant if their 95% CI doesn’t cover 0). model <- lm(Sepal.Width ~ Species * Petal.Length, data = iris) estimate_contrasts(model, modulate = "Petal.Length", length = 3) ## Marginal Contrasts Analysis ## ## Level1 | Level2 | Petal.Length | Difference | 95% CI | SE | t(144) | p ## -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ## setosa | versicolor | 1.00 | 1.70 | [ 0.87, 2.53] | 0.34 | 4.97 | < .001 ## setosa | versicolor | 3.95 | 1.74 | [ 0.16, 3.32] | 0.65 | 2.67 | 0.023 ## setosa | versicolor | 6.90 | 1.78 | [-1.71, 5.26] | 1.44 | 1.24 | 0.434 ## setosa | virginica | 1.00 | 1.34 | [ 0.38, 2.30] | 0.40 | 3.38 | 0.003 ## setosa | virginica | 3.95 | 1.79 | [ 0.19, 3.40] | 0.66 | 2.70 | 0.021 ## setosa | virginica | 6.90 | 2.25 | [-1.19, 5.69] | 1.42 | 1.58 | 0.257 ## versicolor | virginica | 1.00 | -0.36 | [-1.55, 0.83] | 0.49 | -0.73 | 0.747 ## versicolor | virginica | 3.95 | 0.06 | [-0.30, 0.42] | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.926 ## versicolor | virginica | 6.90 | 0.47 | [-0.22, 1.16] | 0.28 | 1.65 | 0.229 ## ## Marginal contrasts estimated for Species ## p-value adjustment method: Holm (1979) # Recompute contrasts with a higher precision (for a smoother plot) contrasts <- estimate_contrasts(model, modulate = "Petal.Length", length = 20) # Add Contrast column by concatenating contrasts$Contrast <- paste(contrasts$Level1, "-", contrasts$Level2)

# Plot
ggplot(contrasts, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Difference,)) +
# Add line and CI band
geom_line(aes(color = Contrast)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = CI_low, ymax=CI_high, fill = Contrast), alpha = 0.2) +
# Add line at 0, indicating no difference
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = "dashed") +
# Colors
theme_modern()

## Generate predictions from your model to compare it with original data

• Problem: You fitted different models, and you want to intuitively visualize how they compare in terms of fit quality and prediction accuracy, so that you don’t only rely on abstract indices of performance.
• Solution: You can predict the response variable from different models and plot them against the original true response. The closest the points are on the identity line (the diagonal), the closest they are from a perfect fit.

Check-out this vignette for a detailed walkthrough on predictions.

# Fit model 1 and predict the response variable
model1 <- lm(Petal.Length ~ Sepal.Length, data = iris)
pred1 <- modelbased::estimate_response(model1)
pred1$Petal.Length <- iris$Petal.Length  # Add true response

# Print first 5 lines of output
head(pred1, n = 5)
## Model-based Prediction
##
## Sepal.Length | Predicted |   SE |        95% CI | Residuals | Petal.Length
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## 5.10         |      2.38 | 0.87 | [ 0.65, 4.10] |      0.98 |         1.40
## 4.90         |      2.00 | 0.87 | [ 0.28, 3.73] |      0.60 |         1.40
## 4.70         |      1.63 | 0.88 | [-0.10, 3.36] |      0.33 |         1.30
## 4.60         |      1.45 | 0.88 | [-0.29, 3.18] |     -0.05 |         1.50
## 5.00         |      2.19 | 0.87 | [ 0.46, 3.92] |      0.79 |         1.40
##
## Variable predicted: Petal.Length

# Same for model 2
model2 <- lm(Petal.Length ~ Sepal.Length * Species, data = iris)
pred2 <- modelbased::estimate_response(model2)
pred2$Petal.Length <- iris$Petal.Length

# Initialize plot for model 1
ggplot(data = pred1, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Predicted)) +
# with identity line (diagonal) representing perfect predictions
geom_abline(linetype = "dashed") +
# Add the actual predicted points of the models
geom_point(aes(color = "Model 1")) +
geom_point(data = pred2, aes(color = "Model 2")) +
# Aesthetics changes
labs(y = "Petal.Length (predicted)", color = NULL) +
scale_color_manual(values = c("Model 1" = "blue", "Model 2" = "red")) +
theme_modern()

## Extract and Format Group-level Random Effects

• Problem: You have a mixed model and you would like to easily access the random part, i.e., the group-level effects (e.g., the individuals scores).
• Solution: You can apply estimate_grouplevel on a mixed model.

library(lme4)

model <- lmer(mpg ~ drat + (1 + drat | cyl), data = mtcars)

modelbased::estimate_grouplevel(model)
## Group | Level |   Parameter | Coefficient |   SE |         95% CI
## -----------------------------------------------------------------
## cyl   |     4 | (Intercept) |       -3.45 | 0.56 | [-4.55, -2.36]
## cyl   |     4 |        drat |        2.24 | 0.36 | [ 1.53,  2.95]
## cyl   |     6 | (Intercept) |        0.13 | 0.84 | [-1.52,  1.78]
## cyl   |     6 |        drat |       -0.09 | 0.54 | [-1.15,  0.98]
## cyl   |     8 | (Intercept) |        3.32 | 0.73 | [ 1.89,  4.74]
## cyl   |     8 |        drat |       -2.15 | 0.47 | [-3.07, -1.23]

## Estimate derivative of non-linear relationships (e.g., in GAMs)

• Problem: You model a non-linear relationship using polynomials, splines or GAMs. You want to know which parts of the curve are significant positive or negative trends.
• Solution: You can estimate the derivative of smooth using estimate_slopes.

Check-out this vignette for a detailed walkthrough on marginal effects.

# Fit a non-linear General Additive Model (GAM)
model <- mgcv::gam(Sepal.Width ~ s(Petal.Length), data = iris)

# 1. Compute derivatives
deriv <- estimate_slopes(model,
trend = "Petal.Length",
modulate = "Petal.Length",
length = 30)

# 2. Visualise
plot(deriv)

## Describe the smooth term by its linear parts

• Problem: You model a non-linear relationship using polynomials, splines or GAMs. You want to describe it in terms of linear parts: where does it decrease, how much, where does it increase, etc.
• Solution: You can apply describe_nonlinear on a predicted relationship that will return the different parts of increase and decrease.

model <- lm(Sepal.Width ~ poly(Petal.Length, 2), data = iris)

# 1. Visualize
vizdata <- estimate_relation(model, length = 30)

ggplot(vizdata, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Predicted)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = CI_low, ymax = CI_high), alpha = 0.3) +
geom_line() +
# Add original data points
geom_point(data = iris, aes(x = Petal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
# Aesthetics
theme_modern()


# 2. Describe smooth line
describe_nonlinear(vizdata, x = "Petal.Length")
## Start |  End | Length | Change | Slope |   R2
## ---------------------------------------------
## 1.00  | 4.05 |   0.50 |  -0.84 | -0.28 | 0.05
## 4.05  | 6.90 |   0.47 |   0.66 |  0.23 | 0.05

## Plot all posterior draws for Bayesian models predictions

See this vignette for a walkthrough on how to do that.