Extract posterior samples of parameters, weighted across models. Weighting is done by comparing posterior model probabilities, via bayesfactor_models().

## Usage

weighted_posteriors(..., prior_odds = NULL, missing = 0, verbose = TRUE)

# S3 method for data.frame
weighted_posteriors(..., prior_odds = NULL, missing = 0, verbose = TRUE)

# S3 method for stanreg
weighted_posteriors(
...,
prior_odds = NULL,
missing = 0,
verbose = TRUE,
effects = c("fixed", "random", "all"),
component = c("conditional", "zi", "zero_inflated", "all"),
parameters = NULL
)

# S3 method for brmsfit
weighted_posteriors(
...,
prior_odds = NULL,
missing = 0,
verbose = TRUE,
effects = c("fixed", "random", "all"),
component = c("conditional", "zi", "zero_inflated", "all"),
parameters = NULL
)

# S3 method for blavaan
weighted_posteriors(
...,
prior_odds = NULL,
missing = 0,
verbose = TRUE,
effects = c("fixed", "random", "all"),
component = c("conditional", "zi", "zero_inflated", "all"),
parameters = NULL
)

# S3 method for BFBayesFactor
weighted_posteriors(
...,
prior_odds = NULL,
missing = 0,
verbose = TRUE,
iterations = 4000
)

## Arguments

...

Fitted models (see details), all fit on the same data, or a single BFBayesFactor object.

prior_odds

Optional vector of prior odds for the models compared to the first model (or the denominator, for BFBayesFactor objects). For data.frames, this will be used as the basis of weighting.

missing

An optional numeric value to use if a model does not contain a parameter that appears in other models. Defaults to 0.

verbose

Toggle off warnings.

effects

Should results for fixed effects, random effects or both be returned? Only applies to mixed models. May be abbreviated.

component

Should results for all parameters, parameters for the conditional model or the zero-inflated part of the model be returned? May be abbreviated. Only applies to brms-models.

parameters

Regular expression pattern that describes the parameters that should be returned. Meta-parameters (like lp__ or prior_) are filtered by default, so only parameters that typically appear in the summary() are returned. Use parameters to select specific parameters for the output.

iterations

For BayesFactor models, how many posterior samples to draw.

## Value

A data frame with posterior distributions (weighted across models) .

## Details

Note that across models some parameters might play different roles. For example, the parameter A plays a different role in the model Y ~ A + B (where it is a main effect) than it does in the model Y ~ A + B + A:B (where it is a simple effect). In many cases centering of predictors (mean subtracting for continuous variables, and effects coding via contr.sum or orthonormal coding via contr.orthonorm() for factors) can reduce this issue. In any case you should be mindful of this issue.

Note that for BayesFactor models, posterior samples cannot be generated from intercept only models.

This function is similar in function to brms::posterior_average.

## Note

For BayesFactor < 0.9.12-4.3, in some instances there might be some problems of duplicate columns of random effects in the resulting data frame.

## References

• Clyde, M., Desimone, H., & Parmigiani, G. (1996). Prediction via orthogonalized model mixing. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(435), 1197-1208.

• Hinne, M., Gronau, Q. F., van den Bergh, D., and Wagenmakers, E. (2019, March 25). A conceptual introduction to Bayesian Model Averaging. doi:10.31234/osf.io/wgb64

• Rouder, J. N., Haaf, J. M., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology, part IV: Parameter estimation and Bayes factors. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 25(1), 102-113.

• van den Bergh, D., Haaf, J. M., Ly, A., Rouder, J. N., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2019). A cautionary note on estimating effect size.

bayesfactor_inclusion() for Bayesian model averaging.

## Examples

# \donttest{
if (require("rstanarm") && require("see")) {
stan_m0 <- stan_glm(extra ~ 1,
data = sleep,
family = gaussian(),
refresh = 0,
diagnostic_file = file.path(tempdir(), "df0.csv")
)

stan_m1 <- stan_glm(extra ~ group,
data = sleep,
family = gaussian(),
refresh = 0,
diagnostic_file = file.path(tempdir(), "df1.csv")
)

res <- weighted_posteriors(stan_m0, stan_m1)

plot(eti(res))
}
#> Warning: Bayes factors might not be precise.
#> For precise Bayes factors, sampling at least 40,000 posterior samples is recommended.
#> Computation of Bayes factors: estimating marginal likelihood, please wait...
#> Error: Failed at retrieving data :( Please provide original model or data through the data argument

## With BayesFactor
if (require("BayesFactor")) {
extra_sleep <- ttestBF(formula = extra ~ group, data = sleep)

wp <- weighted_posteriors(extra_sleep)

describe_posterior(extra_sleep, test = NULL)
describe_posterior(wp\$delta, test = NULL) # also considers the null
}
#> ************
#>
#> Type BFManual() to open the manual.
#> ************
#> Summary of Posterior Distribution
#>
#> Parameter | Median |        95% CI
#> ----------------------------------
#> Posterior |  -0.11 | [-1.36, 0.02]

## weighted prediction distributions via data.frames
if (require("rstanarm")) {
m0 <- stan_glm(
mpg ~ 1,
data = mtcars,
family = gaussian(),
diagnostic_file = file.path(tempdir(), "df0.csv"),
refresh = 0
)

m1 <- stan_glm(
mpg ~ carb,
data = mtcars,
family = gaussian(),
diagnostic_file = file.path(tempdir(), "df1.csv"),
refresh = 0
)

# Predictions:
pred_m0 <- data.frame(posterior_predict(m0))
pred_m1 <- data.frame(posterior_predict(m1))

BFmods <- bayesfactor_models(m0, m1)

wp <- weighted_posteriors(pred_m0, pred_m1,
prior_odds = as.numeric(BFmods)[2]
)

# look at first 5 prediction intervals
hdi(pred_m0[1:5])
hdi(pred_m1[1:5])
hdi(wp[1:5]) # between, but closer to pred_m1
}
#> Warning: Bayes factors might not be precise.
#> For precise Bayes factors, sampling at least 40,000 posterior samples is recommended.
#> Computation of Bayes factors: estimating marginal likelihood, please wait...
#> Error in UseMethod("hdi_"): no applicable method for 'hdi_' applied to an object of class "data.frame"
# }